Tuesday, November 5, 2013

Developing Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers

As athletes train they are constantly thinking of new ways to build more muscle to improve their performance, but are they taking into consideration what type of muscle they should be developing? Skeletal muscle actually consist of two different types; slow twitch (ST) and fast twitch (FT). As their names suggest FT muscle fibers contract at a much faster speed (40-60 milliseconds compared to 110 milliseconds for ST), this increased speed along with their greater size allows FT muscle fibers to generate more power.
 
Percentage of Fast Twitch Muscle in Different People
  • Long distance runner – 25% 
  • Middle distance runner – 35% 
  • Untrained/sedentary – 45-55% 
  • Sprinter – 84% 
The fact that a sedentary or untrained individual has almost an even split between the two types shows that genetics has very little influence. Your muscle fiber composition is mostly influenced by your early sport choices and the way you train. This means as an athlete you can improve your power and speed by specializing your training to increase your FT muscle fibers.

Training to Increase Fast Twitch Muscles

Not only does training your FT muscles increase them in numbers it will also make them more efficient. Trained FT muscles remove the lactic acid (a byproduct of the anaerobic energy system) that builds up as they work, to allow the muscles to work for a longer period of time. So how can an athlete train to improve and increase their FT muscles?
  • Lifting weights in excess of 75% of your one-rep maximum (1RM) 
  • Performing a physical activity at 100% effort for under 8 seconds 
  • Eccentric muscle training (lengthening the muscle under a load) 
  • Plyometric training (increasing the amount of force generated by pre-stretching the muscle before it is contracted); hops, bounds and depth jumps are all examples 
  • Power combination training (a routine combining both heavy weight lifting and plyometrics) 
When training in such a manner it is important to allow ample time for recovery, anywhere from 24-48 hours depending on the intensity. It is also important to prepare mentally before each training session as your workout will require maximal effort at all times. It can be helpful to listen to fast paced music before and during the workout.

It is important to remember that while training with heavy weights and at a high energy level the risk of injury is significantly increased. Make sure you warm up and stretch before each exercise as well as have a cool down at the end. Always have a person to spot you when you are lifting weights that approach your 1RM. If you develop a training plan around these principals you will be able to increase your FT muscles and therefore your potential power output.

References from the SIRC Collection:

1. Carl, D. (2008). Fast Twitch/Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers. Swimming World. July 2008;49(7): 35-36. 2. Chalmers, G. R. (2008). Can fast-twitch muscle fibres be selectively recruited during lengthening contractions? Review and applications to sport movements. Sport Biomechanics, 7(1), 137-157 
3. Cunningham, P., Geary, M., Harper, R., Pendleton, A., & Stover, S. (2005). HIGH INTENSITY SPRINT TRAINING REDUCES LIPID PEROXIDATION IN FAST-TWITCH SKELETAL MUSCLE. Journal Of Exercise Physiology Online, 8(6), 18-25 
4. Maglischo, E. W. (2011). Part I: Training Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers: Why and How. Journal Of Swimming Research, 181-16. 
5. Maglischo, E. W. (2012). Part II: Training Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers: Why and How. Journal Of Swimming Research, 191-18. 
6. Quindry, J., et al (2011). Muscle-Fiber Type and Blood Oxidative Stress After Eccentric Exercise. International Journal Of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism, 21(6), 462-470. 
7. Shepherd, J. (2013). Developing A Fast Twitch Training Muscle Fiber For Speed, Power and Strength. Track Coach, (203), 6480-6482 8. Sniderman, S. (2010). Twitch-ful Thinking. Track Coach,(192) 6131-6149.

Développer des fibres musculaires à secousse rapide

Les athlètes prennent leur entraînement très au sérieux et pensent beaucoup à leur alimentation et à leur récupération, mais réfléchissent-ils suffisamment aux types de fibres musculaires à développer? Le muscle squelettique contient deux types de fibres musculaires : les fibres à secousse lente* (ST) et les fibres à secousse rapide* (FT). Comme leur nom l’indique, les fibres FT se contractent plus rapidement (40-60 ms) que les fibres ST (110 ms); en plus d’être plus rapides, les fibres FT sont plus grosses, ce qui leur permet de générer plus de puissance.

Pourcentage de fibres à secousse rapide chez diverses personnes
  • Coureur de longue distance : 25 % 
  • Coureur de demi-fond : 35 % 
  • Non entraîné/sédentaire : 45-55 % 
  • Sprinteur : 84 % 
Les personnes sédentaires ou non entraînées présentent une répartition d’à peu près 50-50 entre les fibres lentes et les fibres rapides, ce qui élimine la génétique* comme facteur déterminant. La proportion de fibres musculaires est surtout influencée par les choix sportifs à bas âge et par le type d’entraînement*. Cette constatation signifie qu’un athlète peut améliorer sa puissance et sa vitesse au moyen d’un entraînement spécifique au développement des fibres musculaires FT.

S’entraîner pour développer les fibres musculaires FT 

L’entraînement ne suscite pas qu’une augmentation du nombre de fibres musculaires FT, mais aussi il les rend plus efficaces. Une fois adaptées à l’entraînement, les fibres FT retirent l’acide lactique* (sous-produit du métabolisme énergétique en anaérobiose) qui s’accumule à l’effort, ce qui permet aux muscles de travailler plus longtemps. Que doit faire un athlète pour améliorer quantitativement et qualitativement ses fibres musculaires FT?
  • Lever des charges supérieures à 75 % de son maximum sans répétition* (1RM) 
  • S’efforcer à 100 % dans une activité physique d’une durée de moins de 8 s 
  • Exercice musculaire en pliométrie* (étirement du muscle en contraction) 
  • Entraînement pliométrique* (accroissement de la tension générée en étirant au préalable le muscle avant sa contraction) : sautillements, bonds, sauts avec contremouvement, par exemple 
  • Entraînement combiné en puissance (programme d’exercices combinant des levées de charges lourdes et des exercices pliométriques) 
Ce mode d’entraînement demande qu’on donne beaucoup de temps pour la récupération, soit de 24 à 48 h selon l’intensité fournie. Il est également important de se préparer mentalement avant chaque séance d’entraînement, car il faut y aller à fond de train en tout temps. Il peut s’avérer utile d’écouter de la musique à rythme rapide avant et durant la séance d’entraînement.

On doit toujours avoir en tête la possibilité de blessures* lors des levées de charges lourdes. Il est important de bien s’échauffer et de s’étirer avant chaque exercice et de prévoir à la fin de la séance une période de retour au calme. Il faut toujours être accompagné d’une personne supervisant la charge lorsqu’elle s’approche du maximum pour cet athlète. Si vous élaborez un programme d’entraînement sur la base de ces principes, vous serez en mesure d’améliorer le rendement de vos fibres musculaires FT et donc, votre production de puissance.
* Seulement disponible en anglais 
Références de la collection de SIRC:

1. Carl, D. (2008). Fast Twitch/Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers. Swimming World. July 2008;49(7): 35-36. 2. Chalmers, G. R. (2008). Can fast-twitch muscle fibres be selectively recruited during lengthening contractions? Review and applications to sport movements. Sport Biomechanics, 7(1), 137-157 
3. Cunningham, P., Geary, M., Harper, R., Pendleton, A., & Stover, S. (2005). HIGH INTENSITY SPRINT TRAINING REDUCES LIPID PEROXIDATION IN FAST-TWITCH SKELETAL MUSCLE. Journal Of Exercise Physiology Online, 8(6), 18-25 
4. Maglischo, E. W. (2011). Part I: Training Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers: Why and How. Journal Of Swimming Research, 181-16. 
5. Maglischo, E. W. (2012). Part II: Training Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers: Why and How. Journal Of Swimming Research, 191-18. 
 6. Quindry, J., et al (2011). Muscle-Fiber Type and Blood Oxidative Stress After Eccentric Exercise. International Journal Of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism, 21(6), 462-470. 
7. Shepherd, J. (2013). Developing A Fast Twitch Training Muscle Fiber For Speed, Power and Strength. Track Coach, (203), 6480-6482 8. Sniderman, S. (2010). Twitch-ful Thinking. Track Coach,(192) 6131-6149.

Thursday, October 31, 2013

Resistance training using your own body weight.

When you walk into most gyms, you will immediately see many different machines and various weight equipment laid out. Each one of these has a specific purpose. As a gym rat, you have the ability to choose between lifting light or heavy weights, based on what you are trying to accomplish in your workout. But sometimes making it to the gym as often as you would like can be difficult or cost more than you can budget. Or it may be that gyms are simply not your thing. If one of these is your dilemma, using your own bodyweight at home or outdoors at the local park can be a great option to be able to incorporate resistance training into your workouts.

Resistance training can help:
  • improve muscle strength,
  • control weight,
  • increase bone density and strength,
  • help prevent injury and
  • tone your body.
It can also be a factor in minimizing chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, back pain, depression and obesity. Bodyweight exercises enable people to workout using natural body movements.

When done correctly and with proper technique, you will be employing functional muscle training that targets multiple muscles at once. Some exercises you might want to consider are:

• Squats (single and double leg)
• Lunges
• Planks 
• Pushups
• Sit-ups
• Calf raises (single and double leg)
• Lower back extension or superman

Each of these body weight exercises can be modified to fit your needs. For example there are multiple ways of doing the plank exercises. You can incorporate the 8 minutes abs routine or use a resistance band.

While an important advantage of bodyweight resistance training is in targeting multiple muscles, having the proper technique is crucial in order to gain the maximum benefit and to avoid injury. Body weight training can be done anywhere - whether at home, on vacation or even surrounded by nature. So next time you find yourself feeling anxious about the gym session you have missed or you simply want to incorporate resistance training into your exercise routine, consider bodyweight exercises.

References from the SIRC Collection:

1. Brubaker E. The Impact of a Six-Week Upper Body Resistance-Training Program Using Arm Bands Versus Body Weight on Upper Body Strength. Virginia Journal. Fall2009 2009;30(2):6-8.
2. Decker J. 6 WEEK SLIMDOWN. Men's Fitness. July 2013;29(7):126-134.
3. Harrison J. Bodyweight Training: A Return To Basics. Strength & Conditioning Journal (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). April 2010;32(2):52-55.
4. Janiszewski P. The perfect pushup -- just another gimmick?. Active Living. January 2010;19(1):13-14.
5. Stoppani J, MERRIT G. NUMBER CRUNCHING. Flex. June 2011;29(6):96.
6. Yaprak Y. THE EFFECTS OF BACK EXTENSION TRAINING ON BACK MUSCLE STRENGTH AND SPINAL RANGE OF MOTION IN YOUNG FEMALES. Biology Of Sport. September 2013;30(3):201-206.

Entraînement contre résistance en utilisant son propre poids corporel

En entrant dans un gymnase, on voit tout de suite divers appareils d’exercice, de musculation et des poids et haltères prêts à être utiliser et, ils ont chacun leur spécificité. Si vous faites partie des habitués des gymnases, vous êtes en mesure de choisir entre des charges légères ou lourdes selon vos objectifs d’entraînement. Mais parfois, pour des raisons économiques ou de temps disponible, il est difficile d’être assidu au gymnase. Et puis, il se peut aussi que vous n’aimiez pas vous retrouver dans un gymnase. Si ce dilemme est le vôtre, vous pouvez utiliser votre propre poids corporel* comme résistance à des fins d’entraînement à domicile ou à l’extérieur* dans un parc.

L’entraînement contre résistance contribue:
  • À l’amélioration de la force musculaire 
  • Au contrôle du poids 
  • À l’accroissement de la densité et de la force des os 
  • À la prévention des blessures 
  • À la tonification de l’organisme 
L’entraînement contre résistance est aussi un facteur dans la lutte aux maladies chroniques telles que le diabète, la maladie cardiaque, l’arthrite, le mal de dos, la dépression et l’obésité. Les exercices réalisés en utilisant le poids du corps sont des exercices naturels de déplacement du corps.

Bien exécutés selon une bonne technique, ces exercices s’inscrivent dans l’entraînement musculaire fonctionnel* qui sollicite plus d’un muscle à la fois. Voici des exercices que vous pourriez effectuer :
Chacun de ces exercices sollicitant le poids du corps* peut être modifié au besoin. Par exemple, il y a plusieurs façons de réaliser l’exercice de la planche*. Vous pouvez intégrer à votre séance d’exercices 8 minutes pour abdominaux* ou vous pouvez utiliser des bandes élastiques*.

Les exercices sollicitant le poids corporel dans une séance d’entraînement contre résistance permettent à plusieurs muscles de se mobiliser, mais il faut une bonne technique pour profiter au maximum de la séance et pour éviter les blessures. On peut réaliser partout les exercices sollicitant le poids corporel – à domicile, en vacances et dans la nature. La prochaine fois que vous vous sentirez coupable d’avoir raté une séance d’exercices au gymnase ou si vous désirez tout simplement ajouter un entraînement contre résistance dans votre séance, pourquoi ne pas essayer les exercices sollicitant le poids corporel?

* Seulement disponible en anglais

Références de la collection de SIRC:

1. Brubaker E. The Impact of a Six-Week Upper Body Resistance-Training Program Using Arm Bands Versus Body Weight on Upper Body Strength. Virginia Journal. Fall2009 2009;30(2):6-8.
2. Decker J. 6 WEEK SLIMDOWN. Men's Fitness. July 2013;29(7):126-134.
3. Harrison J. Bodyweight Training: A Return To Basics. Strength & Conditioning Journal (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). April 2010;32(2):52-55.
4. Janiszewski P. The perfect pushup -- just another gimmick?. Active Living. January 2010;19(1):13-14.
5. Stoppani J, MERRIT G. NUMBER CRUNCHING. Flex. June 2011;29(6):96.
6. Yaprak Y. THE EFFECTS OF BACK EXTENSION TRAINING ON BACK MUSCLE STRENGTH AND SPINAL RANGE OF MOTION IN YOUNG FEMALES. Biology Of Sport. September 2013;30(3):201-206.

Wednesday, October 30, 2013

College Athletes and Depression

There is a common perception that college athletes are tough and should be able to resolve problems that might lead to depression. In fact, just the opposite might be true. Having to handle what is essentially a full-time job and keep up with schoolwork might leave them feeling less well-adjusted than non-athletes. Along with the stigma attached to mental health issues, especially in the sporting world where mental toughness is as valued as physical toughness, it can be difficult for athletes to seek help.
an athlete may have different risk factors for developing depression, such as having an injury or having an athletic career come to end, when compared to non-athletes.
Read more at http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/sportsdoc/Depression-in-athletes-is-it-being-ignored.html#fpIlogxhO5SMITAY.99
an athlete may have different risk factors for developing depression, such as having an injury or having an athletic career come to end, when compared to non-athletes.
Read more at http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/sportsdoc/Depression-in-athletes-is-it-being-ignored.html#fpIlogxhO5SMITAY.99
an athlete may have different risk factors for developing depression, such as having an injury or having an athletic career come to end, when compared to non-athletes.
Read more at http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/sportsdoc/Depression-in-athletes-is-it-being-ignored.html#fpIlogxhO5SMITAY.99

Mood disorders sometimes are called Affective Disorders, but more frequently are simply called “depression.” Common contributors to depression are:
Signs/symptoms of depression include*:
  • Low or sad moods, often with episodes of crying 
  • Irritability or anger
  • Feeling worthless, helpless and hopeless 
  • Eating and sleeping disturbance (reflected in an increase or decrease)
  • A decrease in energy and activity levels with feelings of fatigue or tiredness. 
  • Decreases in concentration, interest and motivation 
  • Social withdrawal or avoidance 
  • Negative thinking 
  • Thoughts of death or suicide. In severe cases, intent to commit suicide with a specific plan, followed by one or more suicide attempts. 
While there is often pressure to get the athlete back to play as soon as possible, it’s important that the athlete’s health and safety remains the highest priority. 
Researchers have found that injured athletes experience clinically significant depression 6 times as often as non-injured athletes.
It's important for parents and coaches to recognize their limitations when trying to help someone with a mood disorder. The best way to help is to be able to recognize the symptoms and refer the athlete to a professional. An athlete will need a good support system in order to recover fully, whether it comes from a coach, family, friends or a therapist.
 *This is by no means an exhaustive list, but is intended as a list of common symptoms.

References from the SIRC Collection:

1. Gagne M. A DIFFERENT KIND OF PAIN. Sports Illustrated. December 12, 2011;115(23):82.
2. Hart C. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF INJURY. Triathlon Life. Fall2009 2009;12(4):44-45.
3. Maniar S, Chamberlain R, Moore N. Suicide risk is real for student-athletes. NCAA News. November 7, 2005;42(23):4-20.
4. Potera C, Delhagen K. Beat the injury blues. Runner's World. October 1990;25(10):18.

5. Reardon C, Factor R. Sport Psychiatry A Systematic Review of Diagnosis and Medical Treatment of Mental Illness in Athletes. Sports Medicine.
6. Weigand S, Cohen J, Merenstein D. Susceptibility for Depression in Current and Retired Student Athletes. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. May 2013;5(3):263-266.

Athlètes collégiens et dépression

Plusieurs pensent que les athlètes collégiens sont suffisamment solides pour venir à bout des problèmes même ceux pouvant mener à une dépression*. En fait, c’est l’inverse qui pourrait s’avérer juste. Ils ont à composer avec ce qui ressemble à un travail à temps plein en plus de se tenir à jour dans les travaux scolaires : cette situation peut les amener à se sentir moins bien adaptés que les étudiants réguliers. Malheureusement, la santé mentale est encore un sujet tabou, particulièrement dans le monde du sport où la force mentale* prend autant de sens que la force physique; il devient alors difficile pour un athlète de demander de l’aide.

Les troubles de l’humeur* parfois nommés troubles affectifs* sont souvent identifiés comme des manifestations de la dépression. Les facteurs à la source de la dépression sont :
 Les signes/symptômes* de la dépression comprennent** :
  • Tristesse accompagnée souvent d’épisodes de larmes 
  • Irritabilité ou colère 
  • Sentiment d’inutilité, d’impuissance et de désespoir 
  • Troubles de l’appétit* et du sommeil* (trop ou pas assez) 
  • Perte d’énergie et d’entrain avec sensation de fatigue ou d’épuisement 
  • Diminution de la concentration, perte d’intérêt et de motivation 
  • Isolement social ou refus de l’activité sociale 
  • Pensées négatives 
  • Idées de mort ou de suicide*. Dans les cas les plus graves, projet suicidaire selon un plan donné suivi d’une ou de plusieurs tentatives de suicide. 
Même si la pression est forte pour un retour hâtif au jeu, la santé et la sécurité de l’athlète doivent demeurer la priorité. D’après des études, les athlètes victimes d’une blessure présentent en clinique 6 fois plus souvent de symptômes de dépression que les athlètes exempts de blessures.

Les parents et les entraîneurs doivent reconnaître leur limite quand ils viennent en aide à quelqu’un présentant des troubles de l’humeur. La meilleure façon d’aider est de reconnaître les symptômes et d’orienter l’athlète vers un professionnel de la santé mentale. Pour une bonne récupération, l’athlète a besoin d’un solide réseau de soutien incluant l’entraîneur, la famille, les amis et le thérapeute.

* Seulement disponible en anglais
**Cette liste ne se veut pas exhaustive, elle présente seulement les symptômes les plus courants.

Références de la collection de SIRC:

1. Gagne M. A DIFFERENT KIND OF PAIN. Sports Illustrated. December 12, 2011;115(23):82.
2. Hart C. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF INJURY. Triathlon Life. Fall2009 2009;12(4):44-45.
3. Maniar S, Chamberlain R, Moore N. Suicide risk is real for student-athletes. NCAA News. November 7, 2005;42(23):4-20.
4. Potera C, Delhagen K. Beat the injury blues. Runner's World. October 1990;25(10):18.
5. Reardon C, Factor R. Sport Psychiatry A Systematic Review of Diagnosis and Medical Treatment of Mental Illness in Athletes. Sports Medicine.
6. Weigand S, Cohen J, Merenstein D. Susceptibility for Depression in Current and Retired Student Athletes. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. May 2013;5(3):263-266.

Thursday, October 24, 2013

Early or late specialization?

When you compare today's athletes to those from the past, you will notice that athletes of today tend to train pretty much all year round. Sports have become big business with a lot at stake and for this reason, the days of taking the summer off from playing hockey or any other professional sport and coming to training camp unfit are unheard of nowadays. This is the reality not only at the professional level but also at the developmental stage. Kids are specializing early in sports in order to improve their skills and ability in a particular sport. They are training all year round to become the next Olympian or get that athletic scholarship. But is early specialization the best thing?

Early specialization does have its benefits as it allows children to understand pattern recognition and strategic thinking at an earlier stage. There are also athletes such as Tiger Woods and Andre Agassi who specialized at young ages and who would become phenomenal athletes. The Theory of Deliberate Practice by Ericsson and his colleagues supports early specialization, concluding that the earlier one can begin on focused training, the greater the chance at becoming exceptional in their chosen domain.

Conversely though, early specialization limits the ability of a child to explore other sports and discover whether they have other talents. Early specialization can also increase the risk of overuse injuries at a young age and burnout. The fact is that just because your child specializes early it does not guarantee the child will be a great athlete. Though Wayne Gretzky was a great hockey player even at a young age, it should be noted that he was also good at baseball and running.

Most sport governing bodies have also moved to the long-term athlete development model encouraging girls to begin specializing at age 11 and boys at the age of 12. This type of model challenges the notion of early specialization and supports the idea that children should be able to participate in a variety of activities before specializing.

A study of collegiate soccer players concluded that it did not really make a difference whether they had specialized in soccer or whether they were multisport athlete in order to play in the NCAA.

As a parent, allowing your child to be a multisport athlete ensures that their muscles and bones adapt to different movements, thus avoiding overuse injuries. Introducing children to a number of different sports also enables them to develop other characteristics and positive social interaction with a wide rage of new friends and less pressure, since they are not playing the same sport all year round.

References from the SIRC Collection:

1. Callender S. The Early Specialization of Youth in Sports. Athletic Training & Sports Health Care: The Journal For The Practicing Clinician. November 2010;2(6):255-257.
2. Côté J, Lidor R, Hackfort D. ISSP POSITION STAND: TO SAMPLE OR TO SPECIALIZE? SEVEN POSTULATES ABOUT YOUTH SPORT ACTIVITIES THAT LEAD TO CONTINUED PARTICIPATION AND ELITE PERFORMANCE. International Journal Of Sport & Exercise Psychology. March 2009;7(1):7-17.
3. Ford P, Ward P, Hodges N, Williams A. The role of deliberate practice and play in career progression in sport: the early engagement hypothesis. High Ability Studies. June 2009;20(1):65-75.
4. Jenkins S. Leading Article: Digging it out of the Dirt: Ben Hogan, Deliberate Practice and the Secret. International Journal Of Sports Science & Coaching. December 15, 2010;5:1-21.
5. Malina R. Early Sport Specialization: Roots, Effectiveness, Risks. Current Sports Medicine Reports (American College Of Sports Medicine). November 2010;9(6):364-371.
6. Moesch K, Elbe A, Hauge M, Wikman J. Late specialization: the key to success in centimeters, grams, or seconds (cgs) sports. Scandinavian Journal Of Medicine & Science In Sports. December 2011;21(6):e282-e290.
7. Roberts W. EDITORIAL: Youth Sports: Who's Pushing the Cart?. Current Sports Medicine Reports (American College Of Sports Medicine). November 2010;9(6):323.